Mobile Commerce in Developing Countries Essay

Mobile Commerce or M-commerce as it is more commonly referred to is simply the ability to do business electronically without any physical limitations or barriers. This is more popular with the use of smartphones today and other mobile devices. After researching several journals and articles, it is obvious at this point that there is no standard definition of the term â€Å"Mobile Commerce. † Many authors and writers have coined phrases and come up with definitions that are similar to each other; the general idea is similar but the words in the different definitions vary somewhat. However, one acceptable definition is used and this comes from Liang and Wei (2004), â€Å"M-Commerce generally refers to the use of wireless devices (particularly mobile phones) to conduct electronic business transactions, such as product ordering, fund transfers, and stock trading† (p. 7). M-Commerce was formed as a result of the Internet and mobile computing coming together to create a new business area. The benefits of Mobile Commerce are almost endless and a few will be discussed later in the analysis. However, the focus of this paper is the emergence of this trend in developing countries with emphasis on Africa- Nigeria to be precise. The population of Nigeria is over 150 million boasting one of the largest markets in Africa. Akpan-Obong (2009) states that â€Å"Nigeria is a major actor in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in Africa, Nigeria has so far recorded significant achievements in ICT utilization, and has recorded higher growth rates in the penetration and diffusion levels of ICT† (p. 208). With Mobile Commerce rapidly taking over the business world, it is important to gain an understanding of how the so called major actors are fairing on the playing field hence the emphasis on Nigeria in the topic of Mobile Commerce. Article Summaries Liang (2004) and Akpan-Obong (2009) in their separate articles introduce the concept of Mobile Commerce and present generally accepted definitions of the term. While Liang focuses on the likely successes and failures of M-Commerce applications, Akpan-Obong specifically suggests electricity and infrastructural inadequacies as the reasons for the underutilization of M-Commerce in Nigeria. Greengard (2008) goes on to discuss the general impact of mobile phones on the world as a whole. He talks about the development opportunities that the presence of mobile phone technologies has created with the transformation of commerce, banking and healthcare. In his article, he states that the most profound changes and biggest dividends are being realized in developing countries. Formulation of a series of hypotheses from a research model developed by Peter, Philip and Victor (2005) identifies some of the factors affecting the use of mobile ICT in the least developed countries. Ayo and Agboola (2006) delve into the uses of M-commerce in Nigeria and how this technology is becoming widespread in the country. Solutions are also offered to deal with the issues of underutilization of the technology. Generally, these articles discuss the current practices and also anticipated future implementations of M-Commerce. The Internet, which is a form of electronic commerce has been in existence for years but it has been difficult to cover as much of the market as it could especially in some parts of the world where amenities like a computer are not only unaffordable but considered a luxury. With the emergence of mobile phones, â€Å"an important fact to consider is that M-Commerce is gaining relevance because the penetration of mobile phones is much larger than the penetration of Internet access (Duffey, 1998) in most countries. Greengard (2008), highlights a few of the relevant uses of this technology: â€Å"Although mobile phones have already transformed the more affluent nations, they are ringing up some of the most profound changes- and biggest dividends- in developing countries. Today, people are using mobile phones to track crop prices in Kenya and manage micropayments in the Philippines. They are tapping into these devices to handle healthcare information in Nicaragua and oversee bakery orders in Nigeria† (p. 17). Gone are the days when Africa as a whole was considered backward and inconsequential when it came to matters of technological advancements, infrastructure and amenities. Like most developing countries, Nigeria in particular has not yet implemented M-Commerce on a full scale. However, the trend is beginning to emerge with the appearance of mobile phones in every nook and cranny of the country. Now, unlike before, devices like mobile phones are no longer seen as sacred or only for the rich and famous in society. Rotberg was spot on when he stated, â€Å"it is the first time in the history of technology that social class and geography are largely irrelevant† (as cited in Greengard, 2008, p. 18). Almost anyone who is of talking age owns a cell phone in Nigeria. From the executives at the renowned industrious firms, the students attending public schools who cant even afford to buy textbooks and even the farmers in the villages and rural areas; the fishermen selling fish at the local market and even the housewives who grow vegetables and cultivate livestock in their backyards. Owning a mobile phone is no longer considered a luxury and does not cost an arm and a leg like it used to only a few years ago. This singular reason that the phones are now easily affordable and available for purchase by every Tom, Dick and Harry is what has fostered the emergence of Mobile Commerce in Africa, Nigeria to be precise. With the mobile phones gaining more popularity with the people in Nigeria, so also has the technological benefits been exploited. The wireless handheld devices have orchestrated the use of e-banking services in Nigeria. According to Ayo et al. (2007), â€Å"virtually all the 25 banks that survived the recent capitalization exercise engage the use of ICT as a platform for effective and efficient delivery of banking services. Consequently, electronic cards, Internet banking and mobile banking services are gradually being introduced. However, M-Banking activities are limited to mobile finance information, download or ringing tones and music as well as telematic services, particularly, vehicle tracking, theft protection and emergency services† (p. 13). As more and more advancements are pursued, banking will become not only flexible but also more convenient. Customers now have the luxury of checking their bank accounts on their mobile device without having to take a trip to the local branch of their banks nearest to them. They also enjoy the comfort of immediacy, information at their fingertips. The banking sector is one of the first and more important aspects of Mobile Commerce that has emerged in Nigeria. However, there is also much hype about the little things that are being derived from this technological advancement. Ayo et al. (2007) states emphatically â€Å"the success of M-Commerce has partly been due to developments in mobile communication techniques. Cellular networks were originally designed for voice-only communication. To support M-Commerce transactions, which are data based, there has been an evolution of these networks from analogue to digital and from circuit switched to packet switched networks. Today a number of these mobile communication technologies are available† (p. 11). Some of the strengths of Mobile Commerce in Nigeria are attributed to the GSM operators and the services that they render to their customers. The three major operators are MTN, Celtel and Globacom. Their services include: Voicemail, WAP services, SMS, customer services, call forwarding, international dialing, Celtel mobile office, faxmail, roaming, customer care and Broadband Internet Access that offers Broadband Internet to residential users just to name a few. These services allow customers to derive utmost satisfaction from the emerging trends in the advancement of Mobile Commerce. In his article, Greengard (2008) talked about one incidence in particular. â€Å"A Nigerian baker started taking orders for cakes via SMS and quickly expanded his presence beyond his immediate neighborhood. He experienced a 30% increase in sales† (p. 17). Many small-scale businesses are now enjoying the benefits of this technological advancement and they are using its features to broaden the scope of their businesses and gain competitive advantage over their competitors in the industry. If not for anything else, the customer relationship that exists between the business owners and their customers has been strengthened by the ability of the owners in providing their services directly to the consumers via these mobile handheld devices. The emergence of Mobile Commerce in Nigeria has brought with it both advantages and disadvantages. As with the mobile banking, of course it is fast, convenient and nowadays very affordable, there is also the threat of security and the complex systems and expertise needed to run some of the programs. There is a gap between those who are more technologically savvy and the layman who grows crops on his farm. This gap in knowledge does not allow the features on some of these hand held devices to be fully utilized. The phones being so affordable that even the most basic of the devices could probably browse the Internet assuming all the features are purchased, makes it likely that the phones are being underutilized to the most of its capabilities. Most senior management and more well to do individuals are more concerned about the security of their transactions over this mobile devices. Research by Agboola (2006), revealed â€Å"38. 2% of the respondents considered security as a major threat, while 4. 3% and 5. 4% considered complication of services and cost respectively as other factors† (p. 3). Apparently, the cost of mobile telephone service is higher in Nigeria than other African countries so it only reasonable that the cost of this service would be a major threat to Mobile banking as a whole. Another threat is the unavailability of basic infrastructure to support this system such as electricity, among others. The lack of electricity as a basic infrastructure in Nigeria has a ripple effect because it affects every device that makes up the system. Without electricity, individuals cannot charge their mobile phones when the battery is depleted. This in itself, defeats the purpose of Mobile Commerce, as there is no fulfillment in owning a phone when you cannot use it when you want to. The systems in the banks that perform the updates to customer accounts and provide information to the customers would also shut down as a result of lack of electricity. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), which are one of the first occurrences of Mobile Banking in Nigeria, would have to be shut down as well. With all the features of the mobile phones these days, it is only a matter of time before the developing countries of Africa begin to enjoy all of the benefits that countries like America are enjoying now. Although, seeing as how the advancement in America has not come to a halt, it is more than likely that developing countries would always play catch up. However, countries grow at different paces so it is only wise to perform according to the capabilities of the systems set up in the country until it can withstand the test of time. Synthesis Mobile Commerce as a concept has a lot of prospect for patronage dependent on the available services. First of all, there were no mobile phones at all in a country like Nigeria and then mobile phones were introduced and the craze cannot be contained. Now, the monumental growth of mobile devices all over the world, with over one-third of the world population having access to it has given prominence to M-Commerce. With technological advancements emerging everyday in different areas and industries, Mobile Commerce can only get better as more provisions are made to handle the loop holes and reduce the threat that are presently facing the market. There would most likely come a time when Mobile Commerce is not only the fastest way of doing business but the most common, the most trusted and also the safest. It would soon become a way of life. According to Peter et al (2005), â€Å"the country had experienced a phenomenal growth from a teledensity of 0. 49 in 2000 to 25. 22 in 2007. This trend has brought about a monumental development in the major sectors of the economy such as banking, telecoms and commerce in general† (p. 140). Nigeria, being the fastest growing telecoms nation in Africa and the third in the world, it is almost inconceivable to imagine how much is yet to come by way of technology and other infrastructure. Today, African countries may be struggling to hold their weight in the area of technological advancement in comparison with more advanced countries like the United States. Tomorrow, the tables might just be turned. One can only wait and see, behold the future!

European Year of Education through Sport 2004 Essay

Research, analyse and critically examine the (European Union’s) European Year of Education through Sport 2004, illustrating your answer with examples from European countries. Sport has been a major arena for the display of popular European values ever since the very first recorded Ancient Olympics were held at Olympia in 776 B.C. The Olympics of Ancient Greece and subsequently the modern Olympics gave rise to the ideology of Olympism, a way of life that embodies through sport these qualities and values. In the years that have passed, the changing face of sport has modelled and re-modelled itself in line with contemporary trends and technological advancements, but the core beliefs have remained the same. Whilst even then in its infancy, sport had to deal with bribery and corruption, with politics and commercialism; the same evils that have plagued the sporting world at the highest level ever since; sport has survived, and the ethos of sport and Olympism continue to be heralded as the archetype of health, vitality and virtue. In September 2003 a ‘Eurobarometer’ survey was carried out, in order to establish the general public feelings towards education through sport. The results it returned were unswerving in their support. Almost two-thirds of the survey sample cited team spirit as the most important sporting value, whilst 70% were in favour of a harder crackdown on doping in sport. Amongst other revelations of a similar trend it is notable that the 2 highest responses when asked if the EU should do more to promote education through sport were those of Greece (90% said yes) and Portugal (85%). These of course will be the 2 main focal points for sporting excellence in 2004; hosting the Olympic Games and the European Football Championships respectively. It is clear that the officials of the European Union share the belief that the prominent values and health benefits that can be garnered from education through sport are desirable. Following the conclusion of the Eurobarometer survey and further research, a budget totalling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 million was made available specifically for the initiative they dubbed ‘The European Year of Education through Sport’ (EYES). The allocation of the budget is divided, in simple terms, as described on the InfoBase Europe website, (www.ibeurope.com): ‘A budget of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 million will be available to support meetings, campaigns and events designed to further the aims of the Year throughout the European Union.’ Whilst à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 million may appear at first glance to be a substantial amount, further examination reveals otherwise. To be simplistic in analysis, let us say that the funds were equally divided amongst the European Union’s 15 member states; this would leave à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½766,667 (or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½522,575 [source: www.xe.com]) per nation to distribute internally to cover the entire year. This would work out at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,744 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,050 per week for the whole country, far less than the wage of some professional athletes. The UK branch of EYES has 3 ‘key objectives’: 1. Promote EYES in the UK and on a pan-European basis. 2. Give as many people as possible access to the work being undertaken during the EYES 2004 programme. 3. Engage more young people in physical activity and sport, enhancing other developments in the field in the UK. These objectives run parallel with those of the EU as a whole (see annexe 1). In terms of promotion, the initiative is being spearheaded by an ‘All-Star team’ of popular former and current stars of European sport; the most familiar of these perhaps being Jurgen Klinsmann, Clarence Seedorf, Amelie Mauresmo and Sir Steven Redgrave. Alongside these 5 are another 37 individuals (as well as the Latvian National Football Team), ranging from internationally famed to somewhat obscure, all of whom are committed to â€Å"actively supporting the campaign†. (http://www.eyes-2004.info/254.0.html) There seems to be a solid base from which to build a real Europe-wide success. In addition to the All-Star Team, EYES can boast partners from all over Europe, from a variety of different sports as well as many Governmental ministries and Educational Associations, 4 TV Channels and, perhaps most significantly, Sponsorship from VISA and the German travel company Vietentours. There will certainly be a significant amount of publicity surrounding EYES as the year goes on. The logo, accompanied by its slogan (â€Å"move your body, stretch your mind†) will be on display at nearly 200 events during 2004, including the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games and Euro 2004. It appears that from a promotional point of view, as well as the infrastructure, the EU has got it right. There will be plenty of opportunities for people to find out about and participate in EYES. But then what? Even if we were to blanket the entire continent with an awareness of EYES; even if every school in every nation participated; what next? 2005 will not be the ‘European Year of Education through Sport, II’. Surely the priority must be to lay down the foundations for future and continuing education through sport throughout the continent? Any ‘continuing legacy’ or suchlike goes unmentioned in the aims and objectives sections of EYES on both the official website and InfoBase. The focus seems to be on getting as many people interested in sport as possible, then assuming their enthusiasm will remain at a constant level without further promotion. It implies a level of naivety in terms of the EU’s awareness of the seemingly obvious expendable novelty value that can be associated with most short-term governmental and pan-European events of this ilk. There is no function in place to prevent the project from slipping into history without having made any real long-term difference to the education of the public through continuing participation in sport. The official UK website (www.eyes2004.org) contains information for schools on how to get involved, news updates on EYES projects and media releases, and online challenges for schools to take part in by inputting results from different activities into a database to create ‘live, ‘on-line’ competition between schools’ (http://www.eyes2004challenges.org/splash.htm) This attempts to address the ‘access’ aim of the website; whether or not it does this remains to be seen. In my personal experience, the efforts of the British arm of the project so far appear to have been poor, especially on the promotional side. Public awareness seems to be non-existent; I have mentioned EYES to many people, young and old, at every level of the education system; from my neighbours’ primary school children to my 16 year old brother, to my Mother, (a project manager at the local 6th form college). Neither any of them, nor any of the others I spoke to were previously aware of the EYES. Whilst I am aware that this casual sampling cannot be considered in any way to be indicative of the entire British population, they don’t exactly imply a resounding success of the project in my local area. However, it is important to note that in this, as in all cases, only 4 months of the year have passed and there is still time for awareness to be created. There are 5 projects currently running here in the UK: The use of sport and education for the social inclusion of asylum seekers and refugees. (Loughborough University) Basic Skills and Education through Sport (Hull City Council) Clean Start programme (UK Sport) Learning Through Football: Euro 2004 (Football Association) Leeds Education Activity Partnership (Leeds City Council) http://www.eyes2004.org/projectnews.htm The first project on the list highlights the poor promotional aspect perfectly. Whilst it is being run here at Loughborough University; the level of awareness of the project itself and of EYES as a whole has been minimal. Continental Europe, however, may prove to be a different story. Whilst the British Physical Education system is comparatively relaxed in its decentralisation, possibly leading to the aforementioned ineffectiveness in the dissemination of the EYES message, the French political infrastructure, for example, may prove a far more effective and efficient vehicle for the promotion of EYES due to its highly centralised nature. Another aspect is to promote the value of voluntary work for the young and the benefits it can provide for informal education. An example of this is in Portugal where by The Portuguese Youth Institute supported by the European Voluntary Service are giving children under the age of 16 the opportunity to help out in European Football Championships 2004 as ball boys and holding flags and banners before games. The aim of the scheme is to bring young people from different communities and racial backgrounds together through voluntary participation in sport. It may also be argued that, whilst 2004 may have initially appeared to be the ideal year for EYES, with 2 internationally prestigious sporting events being hosted in Europe; the reality may be somewhat different in that EYES could well be overshadowed to the point of insignificance by both Euro 2004 and the Athens Olympics. To make a conclusive statement about the success of EYES at this early stage in the year would I feel be somewhat naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. It can be said however, that the right building blocks have been put into place in order to make it a success. The infrastructure and the organisational aspect is far-reaching enough to be of use to the whole continent; whilst remaining centralised enough in key areas to focus on the same goals. The promotional side is again set up right, with representatives from many sports and many countries being involved from the high-profile to the less glamorous. Whilst the signs of implementation of EYES in schools are encouraging; LEAPS (Learning and education through activity and participation in sports) in Dublin; Basic skills and Education through Sport (Hull); Together in Sport for growing up (Italy); the true results of EYES’ success in schools may take some time due to the enormous amount of feedback required to get a realistic overview of all events and projects. The apparent lack of continuation in terms of the aims and objectives of the initiative can be put down to one of two things. One is that the EU are banking on the continuing success of a one-off push into sport, ignoring the possibility of a speedy return to the low participation rates of recent years. The more likely explanation is that, whilst the EU realise that the effects of EYES may wear off as the future years go by, it will be more effective, given the comparatively small budget available, to concentrate on getting the message out there to as many people as possible this year than to try to implement long-running programmes with less public awareness. Ultimately the deciding factor on the success or failure of EYES, as with most things, will be the budget. Even if, as suggested, the money is directed in the correct manner with minimal amounts of wastage, it is still a relatively insignificant sum on an international scale. I would predict that for there to be any lasting impression left by EYES on the future education through sport in this continent, the amount of funding behind the initiative would have to be substantially larger. Bibliography http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Olympics/olympicorigins.shtml (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.ecdel.org.au/whatsnew/2003/sports.htm (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.ibeurope.com/Database/Factsheets/F050eyes.htm (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/sport/key_files/annee_eur/a_2004_en.html (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.xe.com/ucc/ (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.eyes2004.org/splash.htm (Accessed 17/03/04) http://www.eyes2004.org/projectnews.htm (Accessed 18/03/04) http://www.eyes-2004.info/254.0.html (Accessed 18/03/04) http://www.eyes-2004.info/4138.0.html (Accessed 18/03/04) Annexe 1 The Aims of EYES (http://www.ibeurope.com/Database/Factsheets/F050eyes.htm) The aims of the European Year are: (a) to make educational institutions and sports organisations aware of the need for cooperation in order to develop education through sport and its European dimension, given the very great interest that young people take in all kinds of sport; (b) to take advantage of the values conveyed through sport to develop knowledge and skills whereby young people in particular can develop their physical prowess and readiness for personal effort and also social abilities such as teamwork, solidarity, tolerance and fair play in a multicultural framework; (c) to promote awareness of the positive contribution that voluntary activities make to non-formal education, especially of young people; (d) to promote the educational value of pupil mobility and exchanges particularly in a multicultural environment through the organisation of sporting and cultural contacts as part of school activity; (e) to encourage the exchange of good practice concerning the role sport can play in education systems to promote the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups; (f) to create a better balance between intellectual and physical activity in school life by encouraging sport in school activities; (g) to consider the problems relating to the education of young sportsmen and sportswomen taking part in competitive sports.

A bachelors degree Essay

After obtaining a bachelors degree in marketing five years ago I never imagined myself going back to school and trying to pursue a master’s degree in early childhood education. Every since I can think back to my childhood I have had so many great teachers. I have always value them not only as an educator but as a strong and compassionate individual. My interest in education began with my daughter, and spending a great amount of time as a parent volunteer in her classroom. In the classroom is where I developed a passion for working with kids, and helping them learn in a creative manner. I feel that children bring out the best in me. As a parent and educator I find myself not just a person who nurtures and cares for children, but someone who is excited to see children learn. I have taught my children how to be someone with good morals and ethics. I have helped them view education in most positive way. I strong believe that the early years of a child’s life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children the future of our society get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. Two factors have contributed to my decision to pursue my education at the graduate level. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or admistative coordinator at a preschool. In addition, I seek further education in order to refine and improve my level of knowledge and skills educating young children. I feel that graduate school will enable me to discuss and research contemporary issues that are of chief importance to an educator practicing in today’s society. 2. How do you perceive the process of graduate study in early childhood education helping you attain your personal and professional goals? The process of graduate study in early childhood education will strengthen my ability to lead as a director in quality programs in early childhood education. It will provide me with the tools and skills need to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perseve the importance of theories used in early childhood education. It will give me a chance to explore and apply those theories and practices used in a classroom setting. Third, the process of graduate study will help me gain knowledge so I can effectively conduct research studies pertaining to young children. Some studies which I am egger to conducted are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children though play can help children enjoy learnering. My personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education are, it will help me be able to understand and perceive social and cognitive development of my own children. It strengthen my relationship with my children and with children in general and, make it easier to perceive there way of thinking. 3. In what ways do you plan to make a contribution to the profession of early childhood education? As a profession of early childhood education a plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children. I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned though graduate program and apply into the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. 4. What are your expectations from the Master’s program in Early Childhood Education at California State University, Long Beach? First of all I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Master’s program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned though out the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate that research into a preschool setting. It will broaden my understanding about the importance of cultural diversity in a classroom setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas which I can possible specialize in. The master’s program will give me a chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Thinking back to my childhood, I have had many great teachers. I have always valued them not only as educators but as strong and compassionate individuals. I have helped them view education in the most positive way. I strongly believe that the early years of a child’s life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children, the future of our society, get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or administrative coordinator at a preschool. It will provide me with the tools and skills needed to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, and day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perceive the importance of theories used in early childhood education. Some studies which I am eager to conduct are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children through play can help them enjoy learning. The personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education include understanding and perceiving social and cognitive development in my own children, strengthening my relationship with my children and with children in general and, making it easier to perceive their way of thinking. – This sounds rather repetitive; you are overusing â€Å"perceive† and being a little too general here. As a professional in early childhood education, I plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children. I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned through my graduate program and apply it to the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. – Again, this is rather vague. First of all, I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Master’s program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are that it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned throughout the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate it into a preschool setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas in which I can specialize. The master’s program will give me the chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Try to come up with some more specific goals. When you are vague, it makes it sound as if you really don’t know much about the field you want to specialize in. You might want to read some articles about issues in early childhood education–what is controversial in the field? what is cutting edge? –and include some information you have gained from your reading, to show that you are well-versed in this area.

Henry Grantt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Grantt - Essay Example ("Wikipedia") Upon graduating from the John Hopkins College, Gantt worked as a schoolteacher and draughtsman. He then pursued mechanical engineering and was employed by Midvale Steel and Bethlehem Steel in 1887. In these companies, he worked as a management consultant in collaboration with Frederick W. Taylor, known as the father of Scientific Management. ("Wikipedia") Gantt became influential during the early 1900s when his proposed management theories and tools where broadly recognized in the world of business. As one of the pioneers of the Scientific Management movement, Gantt believes that management problems should be studied according to scientific methods. This entails the elimination of guesswork, setting a proper task for each man and allocating apt rewards for the achievement of assigned tasks. (Gaus) His most prominent legacy to the management discipline is the Gantt chart, an important tool in project management. Aside from this, Gantt also focused on developing motivational schemes, reward systems, methods of measuring efficiency as well as the importance of leadership qualities and management skills in building effective industrial organizations. ("Gurus") Gantt is recognized as a forerunner of the Human Relations School of Management. He "humanized" the prevailing salary scheme during those times, which was based on Taylor's piece-rate system, by developing a pay incentive scheme comprising of a guaranteed minimum wage plus bonus system ("Gurus"). With Gantt's proposed wage program, bonuses are provided for workers who accomplished their jobs in less time than the benchmark set (Higgins). This served as the motivating factor for workers to strive to become more productive in completing assigned tasks. He advocated this type of incentive scheme because he deemed that this would result in the congruency of interests of both employers and employees. He believed that organizational efficiency could be substantially enhanced by further improving the productivity of workers in the same pace as that of production technology. (Knoedler) In terms of employee training, Gantt disagreed with Taylor's vision that the purpose of training was primarily to assist employees in learning and perfecting rudimentary tasks. During his stint as management consultant, he permitted machinists to experiment with new methods until they were able to discover innovative means of improving their productivity and earning bonus based on the quality of their performance. (Knoedler) Given these findings, Gantt had indeed refined and expanded the human resource management theories asserted by Taylor (Henderson). Furthermore, he believed that all corporate undertakings should be in line with human nature. Gantt posited, "We cannot drive people; we must direct their development." ("Professional Development in Private Sector") Gantt's influence on wage incentive and training schemes is still remarkable until now. Nowadays, companies tend to relate their bonuses and other benefits on employee performance which in return is based on the meeting of specific objectives or targets set for each employee. Moreover, companies provide relevant trainings and seminars for

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Social Media - Essay Example The costs of advertising through social media are quite less and the effects far reaching. This is the reason that it has become the most preferred source of marketing for the companies today. Today, the marketers have to devise new marketing strategies to fulfill the need of modern media. Earlier they used to spend millions in their marketing budget so as to make sure that their product is the one that is recognized. The strategies today focus more on being customer centric. The organizations today have to keep in mind the needs of customers and say goodbye to their â€Å"I† attitude. Nowadays there is an increased awareness of social media among the public and this is the major driving force behind the change of the focus of the companies which are using it now in mainstream. The cost effectiveness and satisfaction of the customer today is more important than just selling the product. The use of general advertisement in order to attract people towards a product has now becom e outdated as many new ways have been evolved. List and analyze methods of alternative dispute resolution and determine which would be most effective in resolving genuine disputes that arise with consumers who may make purchases from businesses that provide links via social media. The marketers today can benefit from the subliminal effect to employ innovative and ideas of advertisements with an element of fun in between radio programs or the programs most watched by the public. Facebook and other similar social sites have become quite popular among the general masses and hence their use as the new marketing medium. Such a strategy may be helpful in making a customer think about buying a product more rigorously. Even, the credibility of a product is enhanced if the products are being featured in between some famous shows. The knowledge of a product will also be increased through sending out promotional offers on people’s cell phones. In this way, a large population can be targ eted at limited cost. The product can also turn out to be a frontline commodity through advertisement campaigns on Facebook, Twitter or My Space. Presently, the QUALITY is not sufficient as it was in the previous years. BUZZ is the only thing that is of importance today and can bring the product to the frontline (O'Guinn, 2005). Examine the three (3) branches of government and discuss which can effectuate the most significant impact on regulating consumer transactions via social media outlets. Support your decision. If a product has to succeed in the market the most important thing to be kept in mind for the sale of product is the marketing channel. Marketing organization is an independent organization that works in collaboration to provide benefit to the producer which could not be gained by the producer if he is working alone. To target the market directly is a critical task for the producer to achieve; moreover it increases the price of the product. Therefore, there arises a need of market intermediaries which facilitate the reduction of cost of pulling the customers towards a product. The choice of marketing channel is affected by a number of factors such as pricing, advertising and distribution channel. Efficiency can be achieved through use of effective marketing channels. They enable the appearance of the products as â€Å"tailor made† for the consumers and the new product takes a customer oriented outlook. The strategy

BMW Brand Equity Analysis Report(BEAR) Research Paper

BMW Brand Equity Analysis Report(BEAR) - Research Paper Example The introduction provides a brief profile of the company. The report will also provide the current status of the brand as well as its investments in the business sector. Challenges that are being faced by the firm will be provided including recommendations necessary for implementation in order to realize success in the company. The recommendations should be taken into consideration if significant success and consistent quality are to be enhanced. Introduction BMW is short for Bavarian Motor Works which began in the early years of the twentieth century. It first began as an aircraft engine manufacturing in Germany. The success of its 6-cylinder BMW IIIa engine saw it become a publicly traded company (Easton, 2008, p. 1). The license to manufacture automobiles was obtained in the year 1928. Throughout the years, it has been able to gain reputation for innovation, as well as, quality in the automobile, aircraft engines and motorcycle fields. Its reputation has continued to grow owing to its award winning performance and impressive designs. BMW was listed by Forbes.com as the most reputable company in the world in the year 2012. The rankings were obviously based on such issues as people’s willingness to invest in the company, to buy, to work for and to recommend. Their perception of the products and the company were useful in the rankings. The BMW group sponsor is Bundesliga’s club and was also an official sponsor of the London 2012 Olympics. In 2010, it made a six-year sponsorship deal with USOC which is short for United States Olympic Committee. It has also sponsored many European golf events both in Italy and Germany. Status of the brand The brand has the right products that they have put in place, and they have continued to keep them competitive and attractive over the lifecycle. They have a lifecycle that follow a specific nomenclature. The nomenclature is applicable for both the automobiles and the motorcycle (Giuliani, 2012, p. 8). The brand ha s its presence in the global world and has the knowledge to delight customers around the globe. The company is looking into expanding globally to ensure that their innovation is present and known globally. This will also lead to an improvement in their reputation as well as in the loyalty of their customers. Their impressive and unique designs have ensured that the brand sticks to the minds of people. The brand is strong especially in innovation and efficiency of fuel. They have an aim of directing the future of the market using its initiatives. Their innovative initiatives have seen the brand grow stronger and have a competitive advantage over its competitors (Giuliani, 2012, p. 8). They have continued to provide luxury and unique brands that offer a different experience. This means that they have managed to further the joy and fascination of the brand. Their earnings and revenues have grown and have also broken all existing records. This is all in the back of dynamic flourishing o f financial services business and car sales volume growth. The earnings were strong and increased in a tremendous way. This is the reason why the brand is strong as opposed to the other car models. Investments in the business sector The brand is striving for a good balance of growth especially in Europe, Asia and America. This is essential especially if they want to achieve economic success in a volatile environment (Annual Report, 2011, p. 15). The group had discovered that there is future growth in such countries as Russia, Brazil,

Executive Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Executive Report - Essay Example The construction of the EOS lends itself to gathering data on a wide range of topics. It provides executives the opportunity to offer anonymous observations on the overall economy, as well as local governmental policies that support or infringe upon development. The tabulation of this data is particularly helpful in drawing conclusions on specific in-country governmental policies that support competitiveness. The benchmark comparisons yield a clear view of which nations are facilitating growth, and those countries that can improve competitiveness and growth through policy adjustments. My first recommendation is that the EOS be shortened in length. While it is a very thorough data collection tool, consideration should be given to the respondents. These members of senior management have significant duties and time constraints. The EOS would increase the likelihood of a higher response rate if it would permit the executive to complete the questionnaire in a shorter amount of time.

Human resource management1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource management1 - Essay Example 2003, 17-22). Linkage is related to the amount of contact amongst the organization's planned planners, the HR department, and the managers who will be accountable for carry out the plans. Linkages can variety from minimal (groups working separately) to full incorporation (groups working interdependently), but they are classically mix together. For example, information pertaining to hiring may flow together ways, whereas information regarding financial support of projects might be handed down from the top management to HR. The suitable degree of connection depends on the business climate, organizational wants, and business strategy; however, a few linkage among HR and management is generally essential. A disconnect between planners and managers can effortlessly derail the planning and completion processes (Alavi, M., and Leidner, 2001, 107-136). This is not only theoretically dangerous, but also empirically dubious, and the claims have been extensively criticized elsewhere (Thompson and Ackroyd 1995; Thompson and Findlay 1999; Smith and Thompson 1998). So much emphasis is put on managerial discourses and systems that there is a consistent confusion between the technological potential for surveillance and the managerial capacity to monitor and manipulate, and between managerial discourses about correct behavior and the reality of continued misbehavior. Not only are intent and outcome very different in the workplace, there is plenty of case-study evidence that employees are aware of the gap between managerial rhetoric and action, often seeking to exploit it for their own ends. In the light of critical views of Tom Redman & Adrian Wilkinson, The stipulation of lots of social services occurs inside a structure that has been termed the "hollow state," an approach to policy completion that relies upon private or nonprofit organizations to bring certain public goods (Milward, Provan, and Else 1993). The "hollowness" of this system is needy upon the degree to which services are put into practice by nongovernmental organizations and measured along a diversity of dimensions counting the control retained by one or further public agencies, the degree of designation to nonpublic actors, the efficiency of coordination, and mechanisms to assess the delegated service delivery. When nonprofit organizations obtain contracts or funding to deliver public goods or services, the delegating agency assumes a enough level of capacity to put into practice the project or deliver the service. Though, if the nonprofit community-based organizations are too incomplete in capacity to c arry out their grants or contracts, then a disconnect occurs in the empty state. This disconnect may obvious itself either in the difference of capacity among the public and nonprofit sectors, or in the lack of capability in community-based nonprofit organizations (Tom Redman & Adrian Wilkinson, 2006). In the light of critical views of Karen Legge. Cross-national differences in institutional structures are probable to generate management practices that diverge from country to country, in spite of the fact

Cross-National Work Experience Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cross-National Work Experience Interview - Essay Example The second part is a reflection of what I learned from the interview. One of the most revealing answers was on how Joseph believes culture affects the way management decisions are made in Kenya and in the U.S. and the specific aspects of culture that he could identify. Joseph noted that the potential to engage in an unethical decision such as seeking ways to avoid tax compliance is more common in his former station in Kenya than in the U.S. According to him, the tendency is almost inexistent in the U.S. The Kenyan system offers lesser supervision to tourism activities, thereby allowing greater room for manipulation of records, including misreporting of income. Employee motivation is another area where the two countries appear to have completely distinct approaches. Tips are a common way of motivating the ‘tour-crew’ after completing assignments. Due to the nature of the industry, individual employees are often assigned to individual tourists for specific assignments such as driving to a destination and mountain climbing. In Kenya, managem ent allows employees to settle ‘tip’ queries with the customers without reporting the same to management. However, tips form a basic part of the remuneration of employees in the American culture. The interviewee further noted that formal communication in the U.S entity he works for is mainly through email for non-urgent issues to promote reference, while phone calls, text messages and direct communication are more prevalent in Kenya. As a result, the U.S. entity has a sizeable collection of emails, offering reference to how strategic decision making is effected, especially during times of crises. By contrast, there were no established guidelines on how to deal with specific types of crises in his former station, which implies that the authority in charge is free to offer a solution as it deems wise. By

Ballistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ballistics - Research Paper Example o empirical evidence to back up this claim that criminal cases have been affected because the jurors are now more well-versed in Forensic Science through these television series—making it more difficult to get a guilty verdict as jurors require more forensic evidence—a study has been conducted on 1027 jurors that show that â€Å"46 % expected to see some kind of scientific evidence in every criminal case† (Barak, Kim and Shelton, 2006 as cited in Shelton, 2008, p. 5). Now, because gun-related crimes continue to rise since 2002, with 68% of murders in the United States in the year 2006 being committed with the use of a firearm, it can be said that much of the scientific evidence being expected by jurors relate to ballistics, which is a specialized area in the field of Forensics (National Institute of Justice, 2010, para. 2). In fact, the study on â€Å"the CSI Effect† found that â€Å"32 % expected to see ballistic/firearms laboratory evidence in every criminal case† (p. 5). This introduction into Forensic Science and Ballistics does not only highlight their key role in crime-solving, but also emphasizes the role of scientific evidence in serving justice. It can be said, then, that no matter how the television series may have exaggerated some aspects of crime scene investigation, like the time the evidence is processed, it cannot be refuted that the field of Forensics and Ballistics play crucial roles in the criminal justice systemâ €”CSI Effect or not. Having established the importance of Forensic Science and Ballistics, I will now outline what this paper will contain. In the course of my paper I will provide background and history of the field and I will then examine the many changes undergone by ballistics in the 20th century. Case studies will be examined to highlight the points that I will be making. I will then conclude with some thoughts as to where the field may go in the future. Forensic Science, most commonly known by its shortened name of Forensics, is

The novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown Essay Example for Free

The novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown Essay Dan Brown prepares the reader for the rest of the novel, The Da Vinci Code with a puzzling yet interesting prologue. The Da Vinci Code is the fourth novel by Dan Brown, a famous author who released his first novel Digital Fortress in 1998. I chose to read The Da Vinci Code because it has received excellent reviews and it explains philosophical concepts from the time of Jesus Christ. I was drawn to The Da Vinci Code as a film was released in 2006 and the first two novels had been excellent. I was attracted to the novel because the title gives a spooky and suspicious sense of atmosphere. The series is based in the modern world and the novels are based on code- breaking skills giving them a thriller nature. In this essay, I am going to be explaining anything confusing or puzzling that crop up in the prologue and how this may affect the readers sense of curiosity. Unlike the other novels, The Da Vinci Code begins with an action scene, leaving the reader curious. The title The Da Vinci Code indicates another code- breaking plot however it leaves readers wondering, what code is to be solved? The word code is quite vague and could imply there is a secret waiting to be unleashed. Dan Brown added the phrase The Da Vinci before code. Da Vinci is short for Leonardo da Vinci, a great painter, inventor and writer. A reader will be aware of this because Da Vinci is famous. Even though Da Vinci was regarded as a skilled engineer, none of his works linked to puzzles and codes. The title therefore leaves the reader in a puzzling state of confusion and the front cover shows a small portion of The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, confirming that Da Vinci is linked to the novel. Dan Brown has cleverly constructed the title and cover, leaving readers debating over the plot, causing them to feel curious, drawing readers in to read the book. The first sentence appeals to our sense of sight and causes readers to feel curious. The sentence reads: Renowned curator Jacques Sauniere staggered through the vaulted archway of the museums Grand Gallery. The sentence introduces a character, Curator Jacques Sauniere and this causes the reader to question, who is Jacques Sauniere? Why is he the curator of the museum and how is he famous? The second part of the sentence involves the curator staggering through a vaulted archway. This implies many possibilities: The curator could have simply tripped or he might have even been chased. This leaves readers in suspense because they would want to know who is chasing the curator and why. The word staggered stresses a sense of trouble. This is quite powerful because it is immediate and causes the reader to feel startled. The sentence as a whole allows readers to visualise the setting and confirms that the curator is in a museum; however the gallery of the museum was described as grand, indicating that the museum is well known, making readers wonder if there is trouble in the building. And if so, why have security guards not arrived at the scene. Being a prologue, Dan Brown does not introduce many of the main characters until the 1st chapter, however two characters are introduced. Brown introduces the Museums curator Jacques Sauniere. He is depicted to be famous, because he was described as renowned and readers visualise Sauniere to be weak and helpless as he found it extremely difficult to heave a masterpiece. However, we assume Sauniere is part of a hidden organization, possessing a truth: If I die, the truth will be lost for ever. The quote evokes readers sense of curiosity, therefore causing them to wonder: Who is Sauniere? The second character, Albino, is after the curator and eventually captures him. He was broad and tall, with ghost- pale skin and thinning white hair. His irises were pink with dark red pupils, Albino is pictured as a dark, suspicious character causing readers to be inquisitive. Readers feel sorry for the curator when he is shot by Albino for lying about not knowing the secret. Albino leaves quickly, illustrating that he will return in the novel. Brown was correct in leaving out the many of the main characters because the prologue was there to leave readers in suspense and to create background information for the novel, preparing the reader. Dan Brown allows the reader to know that the book belongs to the thriller genre: As he had anticipated, a thundering iron gate fell nearby, barricading the entrance to the suite. The parquet floor shook. Far off, an alarm began to ring. The sentence uses a number of powerful words, attracting the reader. Thundering Iron Gate fell nearby allow readers to visualise a gigantic, grand security system. From the phrase, you want to know why the Iron Gate fell and so this starts to quiz readers. Barricading stresses a sense of foreboding because readers dont understand why the curator would want to lock himself in a museum, leaving readers in suspense as they wonder if there is a purpose behind his action, contributing to the hunch that he could be in danger. Far off, an alarm began to ring give readers the impression that there is a robbery occurring although the assumption is not true. Other ways in which the author allows the reader to identify that the book belongs to the thriller genre is using words such as thundering, roared and wincing. These words all suggest a thriller due to the fact that it allows readers to visualise the scene, appealing to their sense of sight. The Gun roared is portrays a murder scene confirming the genre however, readers develop an idea that a mystery is being conjured. In the prologue, we are told of a mysterious character however the description is quite vague adding to the mystery. All of the quotes and words above allow readers to know the genre of the book, preparing them for the rest of the novel. Throughout the prologue, readers will feel confused. Immediately introducing the curator, Jacques Sauniere, the prologue bemuses readers, causing them to wonder and question. However, Brown introduces Sauniere describing him as renowned. The word is powerful in many contexts: It allows readers to know that he is famous but more importantly, it makes them feel that they already know the curator, allowing questions to leave readers minds. Albino, the ghostly figure in the prologue causes reader to be curious because they do not know who he is and why he is after the curator. This is considered effective because it creates suspense for readers. Albino mentions something: Now tell me where it is. The phrase causes reader to guess what this particular item is, perplexing readers as well as leaving them in suspense. Calling the item it gives it importance and classifies that the thing is special. Towards the end of the prologue, we are told that the item is actually a secret, intriguing readers, as they want to know what the secret holds. Although there are many other phrases and sentences that leave you anxious, you are still given a complete plot of the prologue because the setting is well-described. The author did this intently because it triggers readers imagination. Confusion is effective in the introduction because the author has time to pick up on topics which are necessary at a particular point and then build up on them when they are needed later, creating suspense, preparing readers for the rest of the novel. The Last two sentences of the prologue are very powerful, concluding the prologue efficiently: Wincing in pain, he summoned all of his faculties and strength. The desperate task before him, he knew, would require every remaining second of his life. Wincing, faculties and desperate are all effective words used in the last two lines and they are excellent at describing the curator, giving readers a visual image of him. Wincing justifies that the curator is extremely weak and adding in pain emphasises the fact that he is going to die. We are told that he has a task to do before he dies, however we do not know what it is, adding to the suspense. Readers are drawn to the ending phrase, every remaining second of his life because it denotes that the task is significant for the events in the novel. You feel sorry for the curator because he is innocent and didnt deserve to be shot whereas you feel vengeful towards Albino. The sentence ends abrupt, asking readers many questions. They want to know: Is Sauniere dead? What is the desperate task he wanted to complete and what has happened to Albino? A cliff-hanger is formed by ending abruptly, evoking readers sense of curiosity. Therefore, the last two sentences of the prologue are successful at preparing the reader for the rest of the novel. The introduction to The Da Vinci Code is brilliant for preparing the reader for the rest of the novel by setting a good theme. The introduction leaves you in suspense, generating an urge for you to read on. All aspects of the prologue contribute to its excellence. The prologue is kept as simplistic as possible, providing background knowledge for readers. I have deeply enjoyed the book so far and I can say that readers will continue to feel a sense of thrill as they progress through the novel.

Burning the identification cards Essay Example for Free

Burning the identification cards Essay The leadership style shown in the 1982 film Gandhi is based not on force or intimidation, but on a more subtle, inspirational, and principled approach. Where many leaders rely on charm or fear and have only their own benefit in mind, Gandhi led by setting a clear example and aiming to teach his followers and subordinates, setting a solid example and using his powers of persuasion to keep his movement morally exemplary, nonviolent, and ultimately successful. Throughout the film, Gandhi follows this approach consistently. For example, at his first public act of civil disobedience (burning the identification cards that South Africa forced Indians to carry), he acts to inspire others to follow his example, though clearly he faces the perils of police brutality and arrest. At a large meeting shortly thereafter, he uses reason and principle to reach his audience, some of whom vow to use violence against South African police for violating their rights. He does not lose sight of his own commitment to nonviolence and appeals to their sense of superior morality; by defying injustice but refusing to answer violence with violence, Gandhi illustrates for the audience both the methods and the intended effects. Later, after he returns to India and becomes involved with the growing home rule and nationalist movements, he sets himself apart from more politically ambitious leaders (like Nehru and Jinnah) by living and dressing like India’s many poor peasants and, again, adhering rigidly to his nonviolent civil disobedience. He does not behave deviously, compromise himself, use people, or contradict his goals; instead, he leads not for his own glory, but for the much greater benefit of India itself. In doing so, Gandhi does not issue orders but certainly commands his followers’ respect. In my own experiences, I have often responded best to leaders who lead not by using and intimidating their subordinates, but by consistently following their own principles, clearly conveying why certain things must be done, and never losing sight of the bigger goals. Indeed, this inspires confidence because such leaders do not behave hypocritically or immorally; they do not let ego get in the way of accomplishing the chief task and assume the same risks their followers face, thus subordinating themselves to their goals without being misled by their own personal ambition or benefit. This relates well to one of my favorite employers, who led by setting examples, instructing, and persuading rather than bullying. While we were certainly not engaged in any epic struggles, she led in a similarly non-commanding manner, without ulterior motives or excess self-interest. She functioned more as a mentor, instructing rather than micro-managing and placing the greater purpose (our tasks and projects at hand) above her own desire for power or authority. Instead of demeaning her subordinates, she related to us directly, giving us credit for our intelligence and feelings and appealing to our sense of right and wrong to get points across. In doing so, she let us focus on our work without creating resentment or undermining us (or the company), and she knew that employees who feel respected are often more productive. Also, she did not separate herself very rigidly from her subordinates; while she did not present herself as our friend, she was nonetheless friendly, approachable, and patient. She also assumed some degree of risk by defending her employees, rather than feigning support and then denying it when risks appeared. By treating us as capable, intelligent individuals, rather than devices for her own advancement, and she did not behave with the hypocrisy often seen in employers whose â€Å"do as I say, not as I do† approach is often counterproductive. Like Gandhi, she was often conciliatory rather than directly commanding, which made us feel more at ease and thus open to her commands (which appeared more like friendly requests). In general, I find that effective leaders share Gandhi’s sense of perspective; they do not lose sight of the goals they wish to achieve, and as leaders they do not place themselves ahead of what they want to achieve. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley, Candice Bergen, Martin Sheen, Ian Charleson, Saeed Jaffrey. Columbia, 1982.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde (20) 1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of its natural substrate ethanol to form acetaldehyde. The Km of AD, from rhinoceros livers, for ethanol is 1 X 10-3M. This enzyme is however somewhat non-specific and will recognize substrates other than ethanol. How would the kinetic plot be affected if AD were to separately catalyze methanol and isopropanol instead of ethanol? Assume that the overall Vmax remains the same in all 3 cases. How would the Km change for methanol compared to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Km change for isopropanol compared to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Kms of methanol and isopropanol compare (which higher than the other or about the same). Based upon your knowledge of the mechanisms by which enzymes work, briefly explain how you decided to place your new Kms. Hint: The alcohols are being added separately. There is not any kind of competition between the alcohols. They are not included in the same reaction. For your reference, the structures of these alcohols are below. Because ethanol is the natural substrate of Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD), AD would have a higher affinity and bind more readily to ethanol than other alcohols, including methanol and isopropanol. Because AD has a higher affinity for ethanol than other alcohols, its Km would be lower than methanol and isopropanol. The lower the Michaelis constant (Km) the less substrate required to get to  ½ Vmax or  ½ the maximum reaction rate and the higher the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Higher Km means more substrate concentration to reach  ½ Vmax and less affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Vmax or the maximum reaction rate can be approached, but never actually reached. The Km for methanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach  ½ Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for methanol. The Km for isopropanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach  ½ Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for isopropanol . The Km for methanol would be lower than the Km for isopropanol and show a higher affinity for AD. The Michaielis-Menten kinetic plot would reflect a Km of 110-3M at  ½ Vmax for ethanol, a Km greater than 110-3M for methanol and a Km greater than the Km of methanol for isopropanol. The overall Vmax is the same for all three, so the  ½ Vmax for all three will stay the same. The plotted curve would become less vertical with the initial angle for ethanol becoming more acute and the curve becoming more linear as it changed from ethanol to methanol to isopropanol. Ethanol is ADs natural substrate, so based on enzyme mechanisms, it is able to bind more readily to AD due to its size and shape which fits ADs active site and allows ethanol to get close enough to create hydrogen bonds. The substrate and enzyme change confirmation and become destabilized which stabilizes the transition state, lowers the energy of activation and allows easier formation of the reaction products. Methanol and isopropanol do not bind as well, likely due to their structure or size and shape. Methanol is one carbon shorter which would prevent it from fitting in the AD site as well as ethanol and has fewer numbers of hydrogens, reducing H-bonding potential. Isopropanol is one carbon larger than ethanol which might make it too bulky to effectively bind to AD. Isopropanol is a secondary alcohol, with two carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the OH, creating a bulky Y shape and not a chain alcohol like methanol and ethanol. This conformation and bulky shape prevents isopropanol from binding more readily than methanol, which is similar to ethanols linear shape. (10) 2. Briefly explain the protein cleavage involved in the maturation of an insulin molecule from proinsulin. Briefly explain 3 reasons why it is important that insulin be made as an inactive precursor requiring editing. Hint: Think in terms of things that would be important to the action of insulin (decreasing blood sugar). Protein cleavage is post-translational processing. Proinsulin is the precursor to insulin. Proinsulin is a polypeptide chain that loops around to form two disulfide bonds between four cysteine amino acids, two near either end. Endopeptidase cuts two molecules by proteolysis to remove the middle portion of the polypeptide. The final disulfide stabilized protein is insulin. Inactive proinsulin allows for optimal intracellular insulin stores that can be edited or activated quickly if needed to lower blood sugar and quickly prevent hyperglycemia. Proinsulins can be produced rapidly in response to elevated blood sugar with the post-translational processing switched off quickly; leaving the inactive molecules, once blood sugar is under control. Proinsulin is important because it is not degraded until it is needed, thus does not cause harmful low blood sugar levels and maintains sustained basal levels of insulin in the body. (10) 3. Briefly and individually outline the mechanisms of action for covalent, competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors indicating how they effect enzyme action. For each type of inhibitor, describe a unique example of how we could learn something valuable, and at least somewhat practical, about an enzyme from each type of inhibitor study. The mechanism of action for covalent enzyme inhibitors is covalent binding in the enzyme active site and thus preventing substrate binding. This is irreversible and completely deactivates the enzyme requiring more enzymes to be produced to catalyze the reaction. This could tell us what amino acids bind in the enzyme active site by identifying covalent inhibitor modified functional groups and also substrate binding order. The mechanism of action for competitive enzyme inhibitors is they are shaped like the substrate and can bind in the enzyme active site, blocking the substrates binding. Competitive inhibitors can be outcompeted by increasing the substrate concentration and are reversible. Competitive inhibitors could be used to determine enzyme substrate affinities by finding out how much substrate is required and how long it takes to get back to  ½ Vmax. The mechanism of action for non-competitive enzyme inhibitors is they bind in a place other than the enzyme active site, allowing the substrate to bind, but they destabilize the transition state which hinders the enzyme by obstructing its proper performance and reducing Vmax. Non- competitive inhibitors are reversible, but cannot be outcompeted because they do not bind to the active site. Non-competitive inhibitors could be used to determine an enzymes induced fit mode of action as the substrate would still be able to bind, but not fully react. The mechanism of action for uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors is the substrate and inhibitor bind together in multi-substrate enzymes. While substrate binding and Km seem better, velocity is less because the inhibitor acts as part of the substrate. They are reversible. Uncompetitive inhibitors could be used to determine effective drug therapies by inhibiting an enzyme to varying degrees without permanently altering it, counter acting large amounts of the multi-substrate enzyme but not eliminating it from performing other useful functions. (10) 4. In discussing advances in molecular biotechnology, we mentioned 2 processes whose names sound remarkably similar called RFLP and AFLP. These two processes indeed share some similarities, but have many differences. Briefly explain 2 significant similarities that these share in their processes. Briefly explain 2 significant differences in terms of what these processes are used for. One similarity in RFLP and AFLP processes is cutting DNA for RFLP and cDNA for AFLP with restriction enzymes to create fragments. Another similarity is that DNA is electrophoresed in RFLP to separate different sized restriction fragments creating unique patterns for organisms or individuals (with the exception of twins) much like fingerprints and used for comparison. PCR products are electrophoresed in AFLP to compare tissues, experiments or expression profiling. One difference in what these processes are used for is RFLP is used to compare DNA from people or organisms for genetic fingerprinting and forensics, and AFLP is used to profile gene expressions (requiring mRNA to be converted to cDNA) of uncharacterized tissues, organisms or experiments. Another difference is AFLP can be used for Quantitative Trait Loci which help identify multifactorial inheritance of traits and assist in genome mapping, whereas RFLP is not used for QTL, but can be used for identifying a persons predisposition for a particular disease. (10) 5. Life on the planet Zornock encodes its genetic info in overlapping nucleotide triplets such that the translation apparatus shifts only one nucleotide at a time. In other words, if we had the nucleotide sequence ABCDEF on Earth this would be two codons (ABC DEF) whereas on Zornock it would be 4 codons (ABC, BCD, CDE, DEF) and the beginning of two others. Briefly explain and compare the effect of each of the following types of mutations on the amino acid sequence of a protein in 1) an earthling and 2) a Zornocker. A. The addition of one nucleotide. B. The deletion of one nucleotide. C. The deletion of 3 consecutive nucleotides. Assume these all occur in the middle of a gene. X = added nucleotide, ? = unknown nucleotide A1. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce the original codon ABC, a new codon XDE and one codon beginning F. A2. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the Zornocker would create one new codon, making a total of 5 codons, (ABC, BCX, CXD, XDE, DEF) and the beginning of two other codons EF? and F. B1. The deletion of one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce one original codon, ABC and two different beginnings EF? and F. B2. The deletion one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the Zornocker would result in 3 complete codons, ABC, BCE and CEF and two beginnings EF? and F. C1. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would result in one new codon, ABF. C2. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the Zornocker would result in one new codon and two partial codons, ABF and the beginnings BF? and F. The insertions and deletions in the earthling would produce a frameshift, creating different codons and a different polypeptide chain from the mutation on. Other effects of the frameshift could be inserting a different AA into the polypeptide or stopping translation altogether. These genotype effects could create non-functioning proteins or fragments, partially functioning proteins or no protein expression. The insertions and deletions in the Zornocker would add or remove codons at the site of the mutation, but would not alter the polypeptide chain after the mutation due to the overlapping nucleotide triplets. (10) 6. Imagine that weve isolated a new and potentially useful mutation in an existing model plant. Our goal as biotechnologists might be to characterize the mutation, figure out what protein it affects, figure out how it is expressed, figure out how it is controlled, and how to best take advantage of it for crop improvement. Using the techniques that weve covered so far, briefly outline a series of experiments and expected results, using at least 5 of the techniques weve discussed, to attempt to achieve the above goals. Hint: There is more than one way to do this. 1 In order to characterize the mutation, we could use Sanger DNA sequencing to determine the amino acid sequence of the mutated gene. We use a primer and DNA polymerase to start DNA synthesis. We then prepare reactions with dideoxynucleotides (ddNTP) for each nitrogenous base, A, T, C and G. We run the reactions with normal nitrogenous bases and one ddNTP nitrogenous base representing either A, T, C or G. The ddNTPs terminate the DNA chains and when all the reactions are electrophoresed on a gel with lanes A, T, C and G, we can read from the bottom up to determine the DNA sequence. We could then compare the DNA sequence to the sequence of the existing model plant to determine the differences in amino acid sequences caused by the mutation. 2. In order to characterize what protein it affects, we could detect gene expression and protein interactions by using qRT-PCR. First we create mRNA by transcribing the mutant DNA genes. Next, we convert the mRNA using reverse transcriptase to cDNA. Then we run a qPCR on the cDNA and add SYBR green to the products. SYBR green intercalates the DNA and we can measure the fluorescence and determine the number of mRNA copies, thus determining which proteins are affected. 3. In order to figure out how it is expressed, we could use DNA microarray and protein microarray analysis. With DNA microarrays we obtain gene chips and hybridize fluorescently labeled cDNA from the tissues containing the mutation. The mutation sample is compared to the model sample in parallel microarrays. A machine then analyzes and overlays the images to measure transcript levels, identify products and determine upregulation and downregulation of many proteins. We could also use protein microarrays which are similar to DNA microarrays, but are used to identify other proteins and compounds a protein interacts with. At times, protein function can be inferred by analyzing the environment in which it is expressed. 4. To figure out how it is controlled, we could use in situ hybridization to locate the mutant gene expression products or RNA molecules produced. First we chemically fix sample tissues to slides. With DNA probes we could localize mRNAs to see which cells and where in these cells the gene is being expressed. We could probe with antibodies to determine which proteins are being translated. We could add or subtract associated enzymes, substrates and cofactors and alter internal and external cell conditions to see how this changes the gene expression and thus determine how the gene is controlled. 5. To determine how best to take advantage of it, we could genetically engineer the model plant with the mutation by inserting the mutant DNA into a Ti plasmid, creating a recombinant Ti plasmid, and have Agrobacterium introduce that into the model plant. The Ti plasmid would recombine with the model plant DNA and create a genetically engineered plant that expresses the new trait. We could then run various experiments on the genetically engineered plant to determine if the trait is expressed as desired and if not, change the variables until we get the advantage we are looking for.

Analysis of Debating Democracys The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier? :: Democracy Debates Media Essays

Analysis of Debating Democracy's "The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier?"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Debating Democracy's "The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier?" Jarol Manheim and Douglas Rushkoff present opposing views of the media. Both authors raise the questions of what the media represents and what messages the media tries to send to the public. Is the media's coverage of events just for entertainment value or do the reports have political content and value? Are the viewers capable of distinguishing between the media's glitz and the real facts? Do different sources of the media system actually portray different views and stories? A key question is how typical objective reporting is. If the knowledge can easily be obtained elsewhere, it is possible to conclude with pluralists that citizens have the tools to govern themselves more or less democratically. If, on the other hand, there are serious shortcomings, one might agree with the power elite camp that the people, because they have insufficient meaningful information, wield less power than they could and should.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Manheim claims that the media is not as diverse as it claims to be. He states, Though for competitive purposes they might have us believe otherwise, most American news organizations have a great deal in common with one another . . . they define news itself in essentially the same terms. (Manheim, 1991) He argues that the media entertains the viewers rather than giving them information that is relevant and socially important. Manheim's view about what the mass media system actually does to the news is similar to what W. Lance Bennett lists as the four main media biases: fragmentation, normalization, personalization and dramatization (Bennett, 1996). These biases are described by Manheim as the media system "[rendering] the content of the news less burdensome by packaging it more attractively" (Manheim, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to Manheim's views, Rushkoff looks at how the viewers are able to use and understand the media's messages. Rather than viewing the media as a mass system composed of the elite who view the public as a commodity, Rushkoff believes that the people strive to shape and understand the world through the messages the media portrays. Furthermore, he claims that the media is merely a reflection of the society that the viewers themselves have created. The viewers have the ability to choose which medium of media they will use (Internet, network, newspaper, etc.). Rushkoff says that the news has now become "interactive" and the people (particularly those under forty) have come to understand the media's symbols better (Rushkoff, 1994).

Isengard Biography :: essays research papers

ISENGARD Biography Isengard was formed during October 2002 by the two guitarists Ramy Sidky and Wael Sameh †¦Their aim was to create and develop artful and innovative melodic music . After a short period of time , the bassist Abdalla , who had been jamming with the guitarist Ramy Sidky for a long time , joined the band . Then an intensive seek for a drummer and a vocalist took place by the band members until the drummer Ahmed Abdelsalam joined the band . Knowing that power metal vocalists are rare species! The vocalist Yehia Khamees joined the band after a long search for one †¦ The band was completed then , and started working on some covers for Iron Maiden , Iced Earth and Manowar (these great bands are our heroes and teachers!) . No originals were done at this period . After nearly a month , the drummer Abdelsalam left the band as he was totally uninterested in this music . The band then had to look for another drummer quickly , as we were in a stage of growth †¦During this time , Foad Ahmed was appointed as an organizer for the band . This period was a period of inactivity for the band , as the band stopped jamming and rehearsing for a long time , especially when the bassist Abdalla left the band . That period was so bad for the band and the rest of the band members (Ramy Sidky , Wael Sameh , Yehia Khamees and Foad Ahmed) started looking for a bassist and a drummer . Many bassists and drummers were tried during this period and none of them was fixed in the band line-up †¦At that time , no new covers were done and the band was in a state of inactivity and just concentrated on getting a bassist and a drummer . Continuous search took place , until the drummer Moataz Rashad , who had also been jamming with the guitarist Ramy Sidky for a long time , was added to the band . After a very short period of time , the bassist Tarek , who played in Nemesis , joined the band †¦ This created a sort of ambition and enthusiasm for the band members , which lead to intensive

The Cause Of Crime Today Essay -- essays research papers

The world is not the way it was. At one time people could sleep with their windows up and doors unlocked. In today's society people have to lock their doors and close their windows. Crime is at an ultimate high, and the world is slowly falling apart. This is not the work of the older generations, it is strictly the work of generation X.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teenagers are not what they use to be. A long time ago teenagers were loyal, respectful, and helpful to their parents, but not anymore. Today's teens live their own lives. They do what they want when they want, and they don't listen to anyone much less their parents. These teens drink, do drugs, steal, and murder. They also feel the need to be accepted by their own kinds. This is how gangs are formed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb...

Cookridge Ltd Essay

Inkwell is a Public limited company and was established in 2003, seven years ago by two of its three controlling shareholders, Paul Farnon and Victoria Dawson. Two years ago Anil Gupta bought into the company and joined the board as Finance Director. The company has its head office and warehouse on the industrial estate in Birmingham, where the management team and account department resides, including a large central warehouse. 4.2 The business was set up to offer a part exchange facility online accessible 24 hours a day or physically bring them into one of the 60 shops, and supplies a complete range of re-manufactured inkjet and toner cartridges through nationwide high street shops. Its main competitors are suppliers in the cartridge supplier sector in UK. Its main internal stakeholders are its Board of Directors, being the investors and manager of the organization. Employees, they are the workers of the organization in various departments to run its operations in return for a salary. Its external stakeholders are its: Supplier’s, these are the people that provide the supplies of re-manufactured inkjet and laser toner cartridge after it has been refilled. Customers that pay on cash, order online, or buy at one of the nationwide network of shops. These customers account for 80% of Inkwell Limited revenue. Government of UK, they are interested in the performance of the business in order to be able to collect the taxes on the profit levels. 4.4 The shareholders are still heavily involved in the day to day operations with Paul Fernon as Managing Director with 40% shares with the largest share, Victoria Dawson as Sales Director with 30% shares and Anil Gupta as Finance Director with 30% shares. A qualified Accountant Alex Fox has been employed as the first member of the accountant team that reports to Michael O’Payne but have direct access to the Finance Director as well. 4.5 Inkwell Limited is organized into departments and has an equivalent of 180 employees including  the accounting de partment – see Appendix on page for a structured chart. Analysis and evaluating the system Structure and Function 5.1 The Company Accountant is Michael O’Payne who’s responsible for the running of the accounting department. The first member of the accounts team is Alex Fox with other 5 full time staff. 5.2 The computerized system in the head office is an integrated system which is linked between the different accounting functions. While in other 60 shops they are on a stand-alone basis and data and information are stored separately. 5.3 The different section of the department, its staff and responsibilities: General Ledger and Inventory- Michelle Labelle account clerk. Responsible for entering relevant data into the general ledger, keep financial control over companies inventories. Purchase ledger- Liana Khan accounts clerk. Responsible for liaising with suppliers and other associated transactions. Sales ledger- Greg Morris accounts clerk. Responsible for dealing with customers and other associated transactions. Costing- Alan Cook costing technician. Responsible for dealing with in put costs and other associated transactions. Payroll- Sharon Ward, BA (Hons) is a personnel database and wage clerk. Responsible for preparing monthly salaries and wages for all the employees and all associated transactions and second is to maintain the personnel database. 5.4 The accounting functions in details are: Processing and recording of the financial transactions of the credit customers and credit suppliers of the different sections in the accounts department. Preparation of management information’s on credit sales, credit purchases, costing and payroll associated returns and documents. 5.5 Michelle Labelle in the general ledger and inventory function: Enters all data requiring input directly into company’s cash book and its petty cash imprest system and keep financial control over the company’s inventories. If inventories get above three days’ holding in any shop Michelle has to telephone and get justifications for the variance. 5.6 Liana Khan in the purchase ledger function: Makes sure that all supplier’s invoices and credit notes are entered into the Accounts Payable Ledger, and for Subsequently arranging the payments to suppliers. 5.7 Greg Morris in the sales ledger function Uses a credit reference agency to ensure that potential new credit customers have no history of poor payments. Checks any new customer who applies is always given a line of credit after this trial period. 5.8 Alan Cook in the costing function: Uses a target costing approach, working out what the cost of each component such as ink or plastic, and Supplies management with the monthly basis, and Advises management of variances from target. 5.9 Sharon Ward in the payroll and personnel database function: Operates the company’s two payrolls prepares the pay slips from the rotas prepared by the managers for the staffs. The salaries staffs are paid monthly on the last working day of the month using the Bankers Automated Clearing System (BACS). 6 Review of the accounting system 6.1 Record Keeping System A business needs an effective and manageable recordkeeping system. This is why in the business environment with regulated accounting structures, it is vital that organizations have the necessary records of evidence to support business operations. All transaction is electronically and manually processed to be made available. The necessity to provide access to recorded information is crucial. These are information’s relating to the different accounting function, such as; Purchase Sales Payroll Cash and Banking Record keeping systems are used; To better support the performance of the organization activities and enable better decision making all throughout the structure of the organization. To make sure that information is available for future or current processes, and helps also in the improving and upgrading of the manual or computerized processes. To address any future issues that may arise internally or  externally, such as fraud, lawsuits and other an-ethical accusations. To support the employees in the different functions of the business to be more efficient, productive in the accuracy of delivering the work. Records which are processed and made available are then used to produce other financial reports. Michelle Labelle in the general ledger and inventory function record and process the different inventory, supplier’s data to make available information on: Suppliers Cost prices Selling prices Profit margins Re-order level and quantities The data is used to know the overall cost of inventory, purchase and how much owed to better plan for future costs. Greg Morris in the sales ledger function processes the cash, cheques and other financial data to ensure that information is available on demand for: Customers Selling prices Bad debt Amount customers owed This information is used for different purposes such as; it is used by the debt collection agency for the collections of debt. The use of computerized recording system is more efficient than paper base. This is due to because the use of paper base recording system is more likely to produce errors then having a computerized format that data is just inputted in. Using a computerized system is less costly and time consuming. 6.2 Internal System of Control For an organization to have efficient and effective operation of its activities, internal system of control procedures is used by the management in place to ensure that the organization achieve its goals. This is where policies and procedures come in place to establish an internal control system to maximize the detection of frauds and errors, and to minimize their occurrence also. Existing internal system of control in Inkwell limited are: Supervision of the accounts office by a Company Accountant and Senior accounts member. A staff rota is prepared by the managers to ensure adequate staff coverage for all the opening hours of their shops. An information technology policy exists which sets out rules relevant to securing the computer systems. The computer system throughout the company is password protected. Company cheques are required for authorization by the three directors & company accountant and other financial documents for approval. Reconciliation of the purchased stock against recorded inventory level. Purchases duties are segregated to minimize the risk of fraud. A credit rating agency is used to ensure that potentially new credit customers have no history of poor payments. Policy for dealing with non-payment of debt exists, and its state out the actions and procedure. Cheques and cash from customers are kept in office safe until it is banked. Internal control that is missing or can improve is: Company policies and procedures. Disciplinary measure to breach of policy or miss conduct. Management supervision. Segregation of duties Staff Recruitment procedures Staff training and Continual Professional Development. Restriction on accessing of computer systems. Enforcement on Computerize backup of financial documents. Retention and disposal of records throughout the business. Accounting standard and procedures. Risk assessment. Liquidity management. Verification and checks of accounting data. List of authorized access. Checks relating to wages paid out Credit control system. 6.3 Fraud Fraud is the use of deception with the intention of obtaining an advantage, avoiding an obligation or causing loss to someone else or to an  organization; this is the general definition of fraud. It is an unfortunate fact of life and comes in many forms and is recognized as a criminal activity in many countries including UK. Possibility and opportunity of fraud within Inkwell limited is possible due to the internal control is not efficient, efficacious, being deficient and the opportunity of fraud is there for the taking. Fraud covers a wide range of area criminal activity. Common types of fraud are: Theft – Dishonestly taking someone else’s property. False accounting – Dishonestly destroying, defacing, concealing or falsifying an accounting record for personal gain or to cause loss to someone else. Bribery and corruption – taking or giving a bribe that might influence the actions of others. Deception – Obtaining property, money, services or evading liability by deception Methods that can be used to detect fraud Fraud can be detected by the experience manager by simple observation and through experience and also through a robust internal control system. Some sigh can include: Employees acting suspiciously – looking shifty and hiding paperwork Employees with higher levels of spending than you would expect from their income Employees working long hours and taking less than the normal holiday entitlement. Employees who have a grudge against the organization. Employees who are known to be short of money. The usage of the internet to for online sale is also at risk of fraud, since customers give Debit and Credit Cards details to pay their debts. Card fraud transaction can be detected by using Business rules. Opportunity and Potential areas of risk of fraud taking place are:  £3000 worth of a particular make of cartridge was unaccounted for during reconciliation of inventory with purchase order. Goods not appearing on the warehouse inventory record. Cash and cheques are entered manually which can be easily be subject to false accounting Complaint’s on wages being underpaid Only one staff operates and have access to payroll system Lack of written instructions Computer are not logged out and locked when not in use. No system in place for warehouse or administrative employees to record and know the time they arrive and when they leave the office The usage of debit or credit card detail by customers over the internet to pay. 6.4 Working Methods and Practices The working methods used in Inkwell Limited are: Computers are attributed to each staff whether part-time or fulltime to work on. The computer systems are run on an integrated network, with all PCs linked to two printers in the department. Every shop has PCs and printers of its own. Microsoft office excel spreadsheets is used in the accounting system for recording of the different data. All computers use Windows Vista operating system and loaded with Microsoft office 2007 consisting of 80-user operating license, and one new computer loaded with Sage Payroll software to unable payroll and personnel system to be run in-house. Internet access is available on every computer with Mozilla Firefox as web browser. Password is used on the computers. Large trade customers are put on a cash-with-order basis for the first three months of business. A credit reference agency is used potentially new customers have no history of bad credit. All cash and cheques are removed from the till, leaving a float of  £50 cash in each for the start of the next day. Staff salaries are paid monthly using the Bankers Automated Clearing System (BACS). Prepared by the wage clerk, signed by the Company Accountant and banked on 24th of each month. The methods and practices can be improved in the following: All 60 computers at the shops operate on a stand-alone system. Excel Spreadsheet being used for recording accounting data. Debt collection agency being used to collect bad debt is expensive. Password used for the computers. The removal of all cash and cheques, from the individual tills are not  practiced. Backing up of computerized data. 6.5 Training Training is essential for every personnel of an organization, as it improve the ability of the staff to perform its work and therefor reducing the amount of errors and hired part time staff used to perform tasks that can’t be done inside the organization. This is why every staff must get the opportunity to continue their professional development and be skilled to perform the task at hand. Inkwell Limited does not have the proper policy and systems in place to encourage employees to be enrolled in a part time or full time course, unless they take it on themselves to address the issue to the management. Benefits of training: Staffs are updated to the accounting standard and regulations. They will be motivated to work and be more efficient due to possibility of a promotion or career opportunity being increased, therefor errors is reduced. Staff will be more skilled to meet the needs of the organization. Professionally regulated staff will be governed by a recognized code of ethics from a professional accountancy body. Will better know how to, manage the time to do the tasks, therefor becoming more flexible and productive. Development of an ethical approach to the work and to employers and clients, acquired by experience and training. WEAKNESSES IDENTIFIED Record keeping system No completion of trial balance, statutory accounts as planned. Window dressing of the accounts. Transaction accounting are not done on a day to day basis Accounting record data entry is not being viewed as apriority by Michael O’Payne and Anil Gupta. Having unusual entries found in the general ledger. Errors may occur in inputting data into the computer. Internal System of Control No proper recruitment procedures in place to hire staff that has dismiss. The existing policies are not fully followed. This includes the Computers information technology policy, with no proper password, and logging off the computer after use. A lack of internal control for detection and fraud prevention Lack of segregation of duties. No proper scheduling back up of all IT systems being followed. No proper security for the shops. No policy for Data protection. No list of authorized personnel to access certain documents. No follow up control in place to the internal controls being followed. No supervision is done to monitor the signing in and signing out in the business. For the 60 shops, computers run on a stand-alone system. No safeguard for the proper security procedures in place/security issues relating to debit and credit cards details over the internet (Identity theft). Fraud Possibility of fraud is high; this may be caused due to: Nothing is done to ensure working practices undergoes a proper way. Inadequate guidance on how to detect and deal with fraud. Low effectiveness of security systems especially the password which does not improved each time is changed and can be guessed easily. A lack of supervision, monitoring and checks of accounting activities and records kept. Debit and Credit cards usage over the internet for customers to pay their debt can be subject to identity theft. Noncompliance to internal control. Unaccounted Cartridge’s worth  £3500, with no record in inventory. Details of transactions being deleted in the database, relating to one-off significant payments. Working Methods and Practices Breach of software and user license for software in use, can bring legal action against the company. No coverage or placement of professional personnel to carry out the work of absent staff. Lack of enforcement of legal requirement trough out the business and working practice is very low due to low standards Liquidity management is very poor. Lack of motivational skills from the directors of the business. No adequate physical controls to ensure the security and safe keeping of the businesses assets so that they do not go missing or are stolen. Working conditions and schedule are not respected by the Directors, having problems prioritizing work Lack of staffs, causing over working of staffs and no coverage or placement of professional personnel to carry out the work of absent staff. Therefor agencies are hired to do the work, which is costly. Job rotation is not practiced in the organization A required computer program needs to be attributed to these functions: Invoicing which is carried out. Data on Excel spreadsheet is manually input. Training More training is needed for operating: Quickcost system Payroll and personal system: Several teething problems experienced with the integrated payroll and personnel database. Need for education is needed for: Professional approach to work. Reliability in terms of competence. How to properly handle a secure credit and debit card transaction. Recommendation Recommendations are done following the various weaknesses identified and mentioned above. Record keeping system The management must ensure that the planned working schedule is followed strictly. If problems meeting the targets occur, it should be communicated to the responsible supervisors so proper action can be taken. Working schedule should be adjusted in so that the review of the payments and all other relating transaction are done earlier so that they don’t have to window dress. Different task must be prioritized by the management, so that conflict does not occur, were task are neglected. Accounting record data entry must be prioritized by the two organization’s directors Michael O’Payne and Anil Gupta. The directors must review the benefits that will be gained. Unsure that the proper records relating to the daily business transaction are entered into the general ledger. Verify the data inputted in the computer to ensure that is correct. Internal System of Control Standard policy and guidelines of hiring staffs should be introduced, pointing out the necessary detailed document that is needed making the  process more transparent and reliable. Staffs should be sensitized of the policies in place and know the importance of respecting them. Setting up a fraud policy which sets out the way to detect and deal with fraud, throughout the different working procedure and practice. Duties should be segregated, by setting up a system, which when combined, could lead to fraud. The existing policy should be re-enforce, so that the record kept on the computers would be backed up on the server regularly to prevent loss of data instead of doing it once a day. Alarm systems should be installed for all the shops of the organization, to better protect the business assets from being stolen. Proper policy and procedures should be introduced. The Data Protection Act should be communicated to all staffs, to better protect the company’s and the customer Data. A list of authorized personnel should be produced and communicated to the staffs. Staff personnel should be put in charge of verifying that all policies in place are being followed. A logging system should be set up to have a record of who comes in the office and at what time. Such system should be monitored to ensure all staff complies. An integrated network should be set up on a server to connect the computers together with proper licensed software. Safeguards should be implemented on the procedure for transaction involving debit and credit card details provided by the customers. A standard and effective Sage Accounting package should be bought to unable: A standard layout of the invoices issued to customers. Enable data to be imported and exported from and to Excel spreadsheets. Enable better detection of errors in the different account ledgers. Fraud To reduce the possibility of fraud and make the internal control system fraud resistant, the various techniques should use: Accounting activities should be supervised on a regular basis. The records and calculation of financial document should be sampled and checked regularly for errors. Make sure that the fraud policy which will be introduced set out the way to detect and deal with fraud, throughout the different working procedure and practice and to make any adjustment necessary. Managers of the various departments should be given areas of responsibilities and answerability to ensure that fraud is kept to a minimum. Value of a business rule management system (BRMS) approach to fraud detection can be implemented. Business rules can be used  to validate various conditions for detecting anomalies that can indicate fraud. Enables institutions to react quickly in their effort to keep pace with fraudsters. Disciplinary measures or penalties should be set up for breaking an internal control or if a staff is practicing fraudulent act. Physical security should be re-enforced, locking up valuable items away, such as cash and cheques. Set up a limit to which a financial transaction should be requiring authorization, by one or more authorized signature. This may range from petty cash or cheques over a certain amount. Doing a regular reconciliation of the accounts to the financial documents to make sure they balance and errors corrected. Management should carry out Risk Assessments as part of the of an effective internal control system. Working Methods and Practices Make sure that all computers use license software in all the shops and departments, monitor that the license are not broken causing legal action to the organization. Adequate number of specialized staffs should be introduced for the coverage of staff that is absent. The business must comply with all relevant External regulations. Such as international accounting standards even government regulation from HMRC. This will aid in raising the standard of working practices. Better management of buying inventory from suppliers. Credit to customers should be reduced. The managers should undergo a management course, to learn how to better manage their business, motivate their employees through training, giving out bonuses, paying for overtime and other incentives. All assets should be recorded and proper management of the assets should be put in place, to know the life cycle. Directors should produce an effective working schedule, reducing the stress on employees. Adequate number of specializ ed staffs should be introduced for the coverage of staff that is absent. Produce an effective rota to unable the staff to rotate to different accounting functions in the organization. A standard and effective Sage Accounting package should be bought to unable: A standard layout of the invoices issued to customers. Enable data to be imported and exported from and to Excel spreadsheets. Enable better detection of errors in the different account ledgers. Training More training should be provided for: Quick cost system Payroll and personal system To ensure that staff has the necessary skills and knowledge to be more effective and reliable in their work, in terms of competence: Staffs Training should be invested in by the management, to better handle the daily tasks. Including Debit & Credit cards transactions This should include internal or external training courses for using any newly introduced accounting package. Telephone support lines made available by the software provider. Workshops on the improvement of staffs’ communications skills. Cost benefit analysis Improvement Recommended Cost of Time Benefits Time spent by manager in Training 25 hours Ãâ€" 3 Ãâ€"  £25 per hour Time spent by 5 account staff 25 hours Ãâ€" 5 Ãâ€"  £15 per hour TOTAL TRAINING COST  £ 1875 1875 3750 The work output will be more accurate due to the raise of standard. The organization will appear more professional, more efficient, meanings fewer errors and problems. Cost of hiring new Accounting staffs  £ 192000 The different responsibilities can be segregated and work will be done faster. Setting up of computers on a network – Cost of hardware – Installation cost  £ 5000 1000 6000 Access to data will be easier which will speed up the work and save time. New accounting Package – Cost of the software – Installation cost – cost of training the staff 10000 3000 3500 16500 Many routine operations will be speeded up, save time and reduces wages bill. 9.2 To carry out a Risk assessment the management will require 2 hours per month. This will discourage and reduce the risk of fraud in the accounting system by identifying the areas of the risk of fraud and then setting up a system in place to detect any possibility of fraud and then deal with it, making the system more reliable. Appendices SWOT Analysis Strengths Record keeping system Using an archiving computer package to store full accounting records. Easy access to past exact copy of company accounting transactions. Sage Payroll software was loaded in the accounts department to enable the new payroll and personnel system to be in house. Excel spreadsheets are used for maintaining the inventory information. Integrated General, Accounts payable and Accounts Receivable set of ledger principal financial accounting system. Internal system of control An information technology policy exist which sets out rules relevant to securing the computer systems. The computer system throughout the company is password protected. A credit rating agency is used to ensure that potentially new credit customers have no history of poor payment. Value of a business rule management system (BRMS) approach to fraud detection benefits: The performance of the rules is high enough to provide real-time detection of anomalies based on several criteria, including multiple sources, transaction values, card-use frequency, merchant and location of the charges. If implemented new detection policies can be activated in hours, instead of months, helping to reduce lost revenue and increase customer satisfaction and provides safety in online transaction.